the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

Concern has been rising about the health of the U.S. commercial real estate market and any impact it may have on financial markets and institutions. It is too early to judge the full extent of any problems, but commercial real estate financing has been shaken by the financial market turmoil associated with recent residential mortgage defaults. The spreads of commercial mortgage-backed securitie...

Research on credit risk management systems in Indonesia commercial banks beyond moderating contingency variables such as competitive strategy, corporate culture, external environment and organizational structure has never been done. The research objectives are: (1) to analyze the influence of contingency variables (competitive strategy, corporate culture, external environment and organizational...

Banks today are the largest financial institutions around the world, with branches and subsidiaries throughout everyone’s life. However, commercial banks are facing risks when they are operating. Credit risk is one of the most significant risks that banks face, considering that granting credit is one of the main sources of income in commercial banks. Therefore, the management of the risk relate...

BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. Abstract Motivated by the frequently observed link between commercial property price volatility and b...

ZHENG XIAOSONG: A credit policy study of Chinese banks on small and medium-sized enterprises. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 2013, LXI, No. 7, pp. 2973–2982 In recent years, there is rising attention on the diffi cult fi nancing problems of small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs). With constant development and improvement in China’s socialist market eco...